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Laonikos Chalkokondyles, Latinized as Laonicus Chalcondyles ((ギリシア語:Λαόνικος Χαλκοκονδύλης), from λαός "people", νικᾶν "to be victorious", an anagram of Nikolaos which bears the same meaning; c. 1430 – c. 1470) was a Byzantine Greek historian from Athens. He is known for his ''Histories'' in ten books, which record the last 150 years of the Byzantine Empire. == Life == Chalkokondyles was a member of a prominent family of Athens, which was ruled by the Acciaioli. His father George was a kinsman of Maria Melissene, the wife of Duke Antonio I Acciaioli. When Antonio died in 1435, Maria attempted to secure control of the dukedom and sent George on a mission to Murad II, asking that the government of Athens might be entrusted to herself and George Chalkokondyles. However during his absence, the Duchess was enticed out of the Acropolis and a young scion of the Acciaiuoli family, Nerio II, was proclaimed Duke of Athens. Meanwhile, George Chalkokondyles had his proposal rejected, despite offering the Sultan 30,000 gold pieces, and was cast into prison. George Chalkokondyles managed to escape to Constantinople, according to William Miller "leaving his retinue, tents and beasts of burden behind him", but after leaving Constantinople by ship, he was captured by an Athenian ship and taken back to the Sultan, who pardoned him.〔Miller, ("The Last Athenian Historian: Laonikos Chalkokondyles" ), ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'', 42 (1922), p. 37〕 George with Laonikos and the rest of the family relocated to the Peloponnese. In 1446 Constantine Palaiologos, then ''despotes'' of Morea, sent George on a diplomatic mission to the Ottoman Sultan Murad II to obtain the independence of the Greek states south of Thermopylae; enraged at the offered terms, the Sultan put George Chalkokondyles into prison, then marched on Constantine's forces holding the Hexamilion wall on the Isthmus of Corinth and after bombarding it for three days, destroyed the fortifications, massacred the defenders, then pillaged the countryside, ending all hopes of independence.〔Franz Babinger, ''Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time'', edited by William C. Hickman and translated by Ralph Manheim (Princeton: University Press, 1978), pp. 48ff〕 According to Miller, Laonikos was "evidently" an eye-witness to this battle, although the historian Theodore Spandounes claims Laonikos was the secretary of Murad II and present at the Battle of Varna in 1444..〔 The one glimpse we have of Laonikos himself is in the summer of 1447, when Cyriacus of Ancona met him in the summer of 1447 at the court of ''despotes'' Constantine Palaiologos at Mistra. Cyriacus describes him as a youth ''egregie latinis atque grecis litteris eruditum'' ("surprisingly learned in Latin and Greek literature").〔''Cyriac of Ancona: Later Travels'', edited and translated by Edward W. Bodnar (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), pp. 298-301〕 It was at Mistra where Laonikos was taught by George Gemistos Plethon, and who gave Laonikos his personal copy of the ''Histories'' of Herotodus: Laur. Plut. 70.6, written in 1318, with corrections by Plethon, and later used by Bessarion in 1436 to make another copy, contains a subscription written by Laonikos.〔''The Histories of Laonikos Chalkokondyldes'', translated by Anthony Kaldellis (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014), vol. 1 pp. viiif〕 Laonikos' movements and actions after 1447 are not known with certainty. Internal evidence has led Anthony Kaldellis to put the date Laonikos stopped writing his ''Histories'' as 1464.〔Kaldellis, ("The Date of Laonikos Chalkokondyles’ Histories" ), ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'', 52 (2012) 111–136〕 In writing this work, his account of the circumcision of Sultan Mehmed II's sons in 1457 suggest he was an eye-witness to the event, and his account of Ottoman finances indicate he interviewed the Sultan's accountants.〔Kaldellis, ''The Histories'', p. x〕 Other speculations about Laonikos Chalkokondyles' life are not as widely accepted. In the movie ''The Great Warrior Skanderbeg'', Laonikos Chalkokondyles is portrayed as an official historian at the Ottoman Court with opportunistic views on politics who tries to discourage Skanderbeg from an anti-Ottoman insurrection. After Skanderbeg leaves the Ottoman army and becomes leader of Albania on his own right, Chalkokondyles is brought as a hostage to his court to witness the First Siege of Krujë. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Laonikos Chalkokondyles」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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